CCNA Exploration 4.0: Network Fundamentals - Chapter 10 Exam Answers

1

Refer to the exhibit. A student working in the lab selects a cable that is wired as shown. Which connection types can successfully be made with this cable? (Choose two.)

connecting a PC to a router's console port
* connecting two routers together via their fast ethernet ports
* connecting two switches together at gigabit speeds
connecting a PC to a switch at Gigabit Ethernet speeds
connecting two devices with the same interface type at Fast Ethernet speeds

2
Which three statements are true about the role of routers in the network? (Choose three.)
They propagate broadcasts.
They enlarge collision domains.
They segment broadcast domains.
* They interconnect different network technologies.
* Each router interface requires a separate network or subnet.
* They maintain a common frame format between LAN and WAN interfaces.

3
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has decided to use packet capture software to evaluate all traffic from the student subnet on the way to the Internet. To ensure that all packets are captured, what network device should be used to connect the monitoring station to the network between R1 and R2?
* router
hub
switch
wireless access point

4
A network administrator is required to use media in the network that can run up to 100 meters in cable length without using repeaters. The chosen media must be inexpensive and easily installed. The installation will be in a pre-existing building with limited cabling space. Which type of media would best meet these requirements?
STP
* UTP
coaxial
single-mode fiber
multimode fiber

5
Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements are true about the exhibited topology? (Choose three.)
Hosts B and C are in the same subnet.
* Five broadcast domains are present.
* Host B is using a crossover cable to connect to the router.
Four broadcast domains are present.
xFive networks are shown.
Host B is using a rollover cable to connect to the router.

6
Which three types of connectors are commonly associated with Cisco's V.35 serial cables? (Choose three.)
RJ 11
* DB 60
* Winchester 15 pin
DB 9
* smart serial
RJ 45

7
How many host addresses may be assigned on each subnetwork when using the 130.68.0.0 network address with a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0?
30
256
* 2046
2048
4094
4096

8
Refer to the exhibit. Based on the IP configuration shown, what would be the result of Host A and Host B attempting to communicate outside the network segment?
both host A and B would be successful
* host A would be successful, host B would fail
host B would be successful, host A would fail
both Host A and B would fail

9
Refer to the exhibit. What destination IP address will PC1 place in the header for a packet destined for PC2?
192.168.1.1
192.168.2.1
192.168.2.2
192.168.3.1
* 192.168.3.54

10
Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements identify the type of cabling that would be used in the segments that are shown? (Choose three.)
Segment 1 uses backbone cabling.
* Segment 1 uses a patch cable.
Segment 3 uses patch cabling.
Segment 3 uses vertical cabling.
* Segment 3 uses horizontal cabling.
* Segment 4 uses vertical cabling.

11
A company is planning to subnet its network for a maximum of 27 hosts. Which subnet mask would provide the needed hosts and leave the fewest unused addresses in each subnet?
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.192
* 255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248

12
Refer to the exhibit. A student is setting up a home network primarily used for extensive file transfers, streaming video, and gaming. Which network device is best suited to these types of activities in the topology shown?
wireless access point
router
hub
* switch

13
Refer to the exhibit. How many subnets are required to support the network that is shown?
2
* 3
4
5

14 

Attenuation

What does the term "attenuation" mean in data communication?
* loss of signal strength as distance increases
time for a signal to reach its destination
leakage of signals from one cable pair to another
strengthening of a signal by a networking device

15 

To establish a console connection from a computer to a Cisco router, which cable wiring option would be used?
* crossover cable
straight through cable
rollover cable
V.35 cable

16
What makes fiber preferable to copper cabling for interconnecting buildings? (Choose three.)
* greater distances per cable run
lower installation cost
xlimited susceptibility to EMI/RFI
durable connections
xgreater bandwidth potential
easily terminated

17

Refer to the exhibit. A network technician has been allocated the 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address range for use in the network that shown in the exhibit. Which subnet mask would be used to meet the host requirements for segment A of this internetwork?

* 255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248

18
Which subnet mask would be assigned to the network address of 192.168.32.0 to provide 254 useable host addresses per subnetwork?
255.255.0.0
* 255.255.255.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.248.0

19

What type of network cable is used between a terminal and a console port?
cross-over
straight-through
* roll-over
patch cable

20
Which option identifies the primary interface which would be used for initial configuration of a Cisco router?
AUX interface
Ethernet interface
serial interface
* console interface

21

What are three common methods for setting a UTP Ethernet port to MDI or MDIX operation? (Choose three.)
direct configuration of the device
* cable color code association
cable selection and configuration
use of cable testers to determine pinouts
* the enabling of the mechanism to electrically swap the transmit and receive pairs
* the automatic detection and negotiating of MDI/MDIX operation of the port

22

Which device is used to create or divide broadcast domains?
hub
switch
bridge
* router
repeater

23

Refer to the exhibit. Assume that all devices are using default settings. How many subnets are required to address the topology that is shown?
1
3
4
* 5
7

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CCNA Exploration 4.0: Network Fundamentals - Chapter 9 Exam Answers

1. 

In the graphic, Host A has reached 50% completion in sending a 1 KB Ethernet frame to Host D when Host B wishes to transmit its own frame to Host C. What must Host B do?

Host B can transmit immediately since it is connected on its own cable segment.
Host B must wait to receive a CSMA transmission from the hub, to signal its turn.
Host B must send a request signal to Host A by transmitting an interframe gap.
* Host B must wait until it is certain that Host A has completed sending its frame.

2 Ethernet operates at which layers of the OSI model? (Choose two.)

Network layer
Transport layer
* Physical layer
Application layer
Session layer
* Data-link layer

3 Which of the following describe interframe spacing? (Choose two.)

* the minimum interval, measured in bit-times, that any station must wait before sending another frame
the maximum interval, measured in bit-times, that any station must wait before sending another frame
the 96-bit payload padding inserted into a frame to achieve a legal frame size
the 96-bit frame padding transmitted between frames to achieve proper synchronization
* the time allowed for slow stations to process a frame and prepare for the next frame
the maximum interval within which a station must send another frame to avoid being considered unreachable

4 What three primary functions does data link layer encapsulation provide? (Choose three.)

* addressing
* error detection
* frame delimiting
port identification
path determination
IP address resolution

5 When a collision occurs in a network using CSMA/CD, how do hosts with data to transmit respond after the backoff period has expired?

* The hosts return to a listen-before-transmit mode.
The hosts creating the collision have priority to send data.
The hosts creating the collision retransmit the last 16 frames.
The hosts extend their delay period to allow for rapid transmission.

6 What are three functions of the upper data link sublayer in the OSI model? (Choose three.)

recognizes streams of bits
* identifies the network layer protocol
* makes the connection with the upper layers identifies the source and destination applications
* insulates network layer protocols from changes in physical equipment
determines the source of a transmission when multiple devices are transmitting

7 What does the IEEE 802.2 standard represent in Ethernet technologies?

MAC sublayer
Physical layer
* Logical Link
Control sublayer
Network layer

8 Why do hosts on an Ethernet segment that experience a collision use a random delay before attempting to transmit a frame?

A random delay is used to ensure a collision-free link.
A random delay value for each device is assigned by the manufacturer.
A standard delay value could not be agreed upon among networking device vendors.
* A random delay helps prevent the stations from experiencing another collision during the transmission.

9 Refer to the exhibit. Which option correctly matches the frame field type with the contents that frame field includes?

* header field - preamble and stop frame
data field - network layer packet
data field - physical addressing
trailer field - FCS and SoF

10 Host A has an IP address of 172.16.225.93 and a mask of 255.255.248.0. Host A needs to communicate with a new host whose IP is 172.16.231.78. Host A performs the ANDing operation on the destination address. What two things will occur? (Choose two.)

Host A will change the destination IP to the IP of the nearest router and forward the packet.
Host A will broadcast an ARP request for the MAC of its default gateway.
A result of 172.16.225.0 will be obtained.
* Host A will broadcast an ARP request for the MAC of the destination host.
A result of 172.16.224.0 will be obtained.
* A result of 172.16.225.255 will be obtained.

11 Which of the following is a drawback of the CSMA/CD access method?
* Collisions can decrease network performance.
It is more complex than non-deterministic protocols.
Deterministic media access protocols slow network performance.
CSMA/CD LAN technologies are only available at slower speeds than other LAN technologies.

12 Ethernet operates at which layer of the TCP/IP network model?
application
physical
transport
internet
data link
* network access

13 What is the primary purpose of ARP?
translate URLs to IP addresses
* resolve IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
provide dynamic IP configuration to network devices
convert internal private addresses to external public addresses

14

Refer to the exhibit. The switch and workstation are administratively configured for full-duplex operation. Which statement accurately reflects the operation of this link?

* No collisions will occur on this link.

Only one of the devices can transmit at a time.
The switch will have priority for transmitting data.
The devices will default back to half duplex if excessive collisions occur.

15

Refer to the exhibit. Host_A is attempting to contact Server_B. Which statements correctly describe the addressing Host_A will generate in the process? (Choose two.)

A packet with the destination IP of Router_B.
A frame with the destination MAC address of Switch_A.
A packet with the destination IP of Router_A.
* A frame with the destination MAC address of Router_A.
* A packet with the destination IP of Server_B.
A frame with the destination MAC address of Server_B.

16 Which statements correctly describe MAC addresses? (Choose three.)

dynamically assigned
* copied into RAM during system startup
layer 3 address
* contains a 3 byte OUI
* 6 bytes long
32 bits long

17 Which two features make switches preferable to hubs in Ethernet-based networks? (Choose two.)

reduction in cross-talk
* minimizing of collisions
support for UTP cabling
* division into broadcast domains
increase in the throughput of communications

18 What are the two most commonly used media types in Ethernet networks today? (Choose two.)

* coaxial thicknet
copper UTP
coaxial thinnet
optical fiber
* shielded twisted pair

19 Convert the binary number 10111010 into its hexadecimal equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below.

85
90
* BA
A1
B3
1C

20 After an Ethernet collision, when the backoff algorithm is invoked, which device has priority to transmit data?

the device involved in the collision with the lowest MAC address
the device involved in the collision with the lowest IP address
* any device in the collision domain whose backoff timer expires first
those that began transmitting at the same time


21 

Refer to the exhibit. What command was executed on a host computer to produce the results shown?

route PRINT
* arp -a
arp -d
netstat
telnet

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When Login on UBS Sytem appear " File Access Denied"

Description
Message  prompted for difference version  are : n
For version 8.x “ 9.0    show ’  File access  is denied’
For version 9.1 and above   show ’  >ousekeeping in progress, not allow to proceed

Solution
1.    Login screen,
2.    Select User ID,
3.    Key in the  password (UBS),
4.    Right click on “Exit” button,
5.    Type ’A123’,
6.    Click on “Yes“, “Ok“.

7. Good luck for login in UBS System 

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CCNA Exploration 4.0: Network Fundamentals - Chapter 8 Exam Answers

1. Which type of cable run is most often associated with fiber-optic cable?
* backbone cable
horizontal cable
patch cable
work area cable

2. In most business LANs, which connector is used with twisted-pair networking cable?
BNC
RJ-11
* RJ-45
Type F

3. When is a straight-through cable used in a network?
when connecting a router through the console port
when connecting one switch to another switch
* when connecting a host to a switch
when connecting a router to another router

4
With the use of unshielded twisted-pair copper wire in a network, what causes crosstalk within the cable pairs?
* the magnetic field around the adjacent pairs of wire
the use of braided wire to shield the adjacent wire pairs
the reflection of the electrical wave back from the far end of the cable
the collision caused by two nodes trying to use the media simultaneously

5 .Which OSI layer is responsible for binary transmission, cable specification, and physical aspects of network communication?
Presentation
Transport
Data Link
* Physical

6 .An installed fiber run can be checked for faults, integrity, and the performance of the media by using what device?
light injector
* OTDR
TDR
multimeter

7
XYZ Company is installing new cable runs on their data network. What two types of cable would most commonly be used for new runs? (Choose two.)
* coax
Cat4 UTP
Cat5 UTP
* Cat6 UTP
STP

8 .What is a possible effect of improperly applying a connector to a network cable?
Data will be forwarded to the wrong node.
* Data transmitted through that cable may experience signal loss.
An improper signaling method will be implemented for data transmitted on that cable.
The encoding method for data sent on that cable will change to compensate for the improper connection.

9
What are three measures of data transfer? (Choose three.)
goodput
* frequency
amplitude
* throughput
crosstalk
**bandwidth

10. Refer to the exhibit. Which type of Category 5 cable is used to make an Ethernet connection between Host A and Host B?
coax cable
rollover cable
* crossover cable
straight-through cable

11. In LAN installations where potential electrical hazards or electromagnetic interference may be present, what type of media is recommended for backbone cabling?
coax
* fiber
Cat5e UTP
Cat6 UTP
STP

12
Which fiber connector supports full duplex Ethernet?

*



13 Which method of signal transmission uses radio waves to carry signals?
electrical
optical
* wireless
acoustic

14 Which characteristics describe fiber optic cable? (Choose two.)
* It is not affected by EMI or RFI.
Each pair of cables is wrapped in metallic foil.
It combines the technique of cancellation, shielding and twisting to protect data.
It has a maximum speed of 100 Mbps.
* It is the most expensive type of LAN cabling.

15 Which of the following is a characteristic of single-mode fiber-optic cable?
* generally uses LEDs as the light source
relatively larger core with multiple light paths
less expensive than multimode
generally uses lasers as the light source

16 What is considered a benefit of wireless as a media choice?
* more host mobility
lower security risks
reduced susceptibility to interference
less impact of the surroundings on the effective coverage area

17 What characteristic of UTP cable helps reduce the effects of interference?
the metal braiding in the shielding
the reflective cladding around core
* the twisting of the wires in the cable
the insulating material in the outer jacket

18 What is a primary role of the Physical layer in transmitting data on the network?
* create the signals that represent the bits in each frame on to the media
provide physical addressing to the devices
determine the path packets take through the network
control data access to the media

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5 Cyber Security Trends in 2011

In fact, cyber crime is very attractive to criminals. With the growth of mobile services platform superb, criminals will have more ways to attack.

Then would like apakira about cyber security trends in 2011? Here are 5 predictions according to Symantec:

1. Important Infrasturuktur So Target Attack, Slow Reacting Government

The attackers seemed to have seen the impact of the threats that attack Stuxnet in industrial control systems industry. Symantec estimates that cyber criminals take a lesson from what Stuxnet.

This is the most significant example to date in terms of a computer virus created specially to change the behavior of the system hardware to produce a physical effect in the real world. Although initially slow, it is estimated the frequency of this type of attack will increase.

The findings of the 2010 Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Survey Symantec also menggaungkan this trend because 48% of respondents said they expect to get an attack in the next year and 80% believe that the frequency of such attacks will increase.

"Most of the critical infrastructure providers to give support and really hope to be able to cooperate with their governments in planning for CIP. However, we would not expect much movement on the government side related matters referred to in this year," says Symantec.


2. Zero-Day Vulnerability and Target Very Special

In 2010, Hydraq aka Aurora, provide concrete examples of the target class with a very specific threat that is growing. The threat was trying to infiltrate into a particular organization or a particular type of computer systems by exploiting software vulnerabilities that were previously unknown.

Attackers have used this security hole for years, but when the threat to the very specific target gained momentum in 2011. Symantec predicts, users will see zero-day vulnerabilities appear more in the next 12 months than in the previous year.

The main drivers behind this trend is the nature of the low distribution of malware.Threat with specific targets to focus only on a small number of organizations or individuals in order to steal valuable data or infiltration / access the target system.

By exploiting this fact, the attacker intends to increase their madness and attack their targets in a single attack without being noticed.

3. New IT Security Model

The use of smartphones and tablet continues to grow at a pace that is unprecedented. IDC estimates that by the end of the year, shipments of new mobile devices will increase by 55% and Gartner meproyeksikan that in the same time, 1.2 billion people will use mobile phone with a rich web connectivity capabilities.

When the devices become more sophisticated while only a small portion of mobile platforms that dominate the market, it is inevitable that the attacker will enter the mobile devices in 2011 and that mobile devices will become the main source of loss of confidential data.

Therefore, the spread of this gadget is not showing signs of decline in the years to come, companies will be attracted by the new security model to protect data that is stored and can be accessed through the device.

Moreover, when employees become more mobile and work when you travel, the company also had to overcome various challenges associated with adopting new models, such as security in the cloud, for appropriate solutions that will work seamlessly on many platforms and devices .

4. Triggering Encryption Technology

Explosion in the use of mobile devices in the corporate environment does not only mean that the company will face new challenges in keeping the device and critical data in it easily accessible and safe. But they also must comply with various industry data protection regulations of data protection and privacy.

Despite these regulations, many companies / organizations do not disclose when the device moves that contains important data is lost, as they did with the laptop.

"In fact, employees do not always report the loss of these devices into their company. This year, we predict that regulators will begin to take action against this problem and this will encourage companies / organizations to further enhance the use of encryption technology, especially for mobile devices," Symantec said.

The company is also believed to be a more proactive approach to data protection by adopting encryption technology to meet the standards of compliance with regulations and avoid heavy fines and damage to their brand which is caused by a data breach.

5. Attacks Triggered Political Interests

In the study CIP Symantec, more than half of all companies said they suspect or reasonably believe that they have launched an attack with a specific political purpose.

Previously, these attacks particularly in the area of cyber espionage or attack type of denial-of-service to the Web service. However, with the opening of Pandora's box because Stuxnet, it seems we will see these threats move more than just a game of espionage and interference, because the malware is armed to cause damage in the real world.

Symantec assumes that Stuxnet probably only the first tangible indication of death from the efforts that some people call it a 'cyber war' that has been occurring for some time now.

"In 2011, indications that more clear about the efforts to control the digital arms race which is currently ongoing will come to the surface," Symantec added.

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Netbenas Platform 6.9 DG

Create professional desktop rich-client Swing applications using the world's only modular Swing application framework 

Create large, scalable, modular Swing applications from scratch 
Master a broad range of topics essential to have in your desktop application development toolkit, right from conceptualization to distribution 
Pursue an easy-to-follow sequential and tutorial approach that builds to a complete Swing application 
English translation by leaders of the NetBeans community of a Germany Developer's Notebook on the NetBeans platform 
In Detail 

The NetBeans Platform has many features provided out of the box for Swing desktop application developers. It can take you hours just to create menu bars, toolbars, a window system, and other typical desktop application infrastructural needs rather than you focusing on your domain knowledge. Imagine how much time you could save with a hands-on guide for using the NetBeans Platform, which relieves you from creating desktop functions for each of your applications. 

This book guides you through the development of a complete Swing application built on the NetBeans Platform. Each chapter introduces a number of new concepts relating to a theme, such as the window system, and then shows you how to implement the concepts in the application you are creating. At the end of the book you have a task manager, which you can adapt to your own purposes. Or you can, of course, create your own applications, now that you have built up a solid basis of NetBeans Platform knowledge. 

The NetBeans Platform is a framework for developing large distributed desktop applications. It aims to drastically simplify desktop application development by providing a number of techniques, patterns, and full-blown Swing components out of the box. Most desktop applications have very similar technical requirements, such as: a consistent user interface, extensibility, data display, configuration settings, a help system, distribution mechanisms, on-line update possibilities, and the ability to be deployed to multiple operating systems. 

Fulfilling these technical requirements over and over again for each new application is expensive, superfluous, and boring. The NetBeans Platform gives developers a transparent, open source, extensible, and free framework that address all of these technical requirements. This book will guide you through all these topics and show you how you can apply the lessons learned in the context of a real application. 

The central driver of the book is the creation of a complete sample application, chapter by chapter, throughout the length of this book. You will learn how to apply the key concepts in your own work environment, so that you will be able to build flexible, reliable, robust and scalable Swing applications yourself. At the end of the book, you will be comfortable creating similar applications yourself and you will know what to do when you get stuck. 

This book helps you to create robust Swing applications by providing an in-depth coverage of all the features of the powerful NetBeans Platform 6.8 

What you will learn from this book 

Reuse the NetBeans window system for your Swing applications, rather than creating your own 
Explore the NetBeans module system and utilize it effectively in large applications 
Use the standard parts of the NetBeans Platform rather than creating your own menu bars, toolbars, and other typical features 
Handle the display of large sets of data via the NetBeans Nodes API, together with the NetBeans Platform's advanced Swing components 
Get to know all of the main NetBeans APIs and utilize them for developing applications that suit your needs 
Visualize your data quickly and powerfully via the NetBeans Visual Library API 
Prototype your application and get very complex data structures displayed in interesting ways in no time 
Create applications that can be easily deployed to Windows, Linux, and Mac 
Build your understanding of the nuances of the NetBeans Platform as you create an application from scratch 
Approach 

This is a step-by-step example-driven tutorial designed to be worked through chapter-wise. You'll be learning with the help of example code and screenshots that will ensure easier understanding. At the end, you will have developed a complete application on top of the NetBeans Platform. 

Who this book is written for 

This book is written for developers who are comfortable with Java and Swing and who would like to use a framework as the basis of their Swing application. Zero knowledge of the NetBeans Platform is assumed. The reader is typically a developer (or a group of developers) wanting to create large, distributed, flexible Swing applications. The development team is typically large and distributed and members need to work independently on distinct parts of the application. The end user of the application typically needs to have the ability to install additional features at runtime, after the application has already been installed, without reinstalling the application. 

http://www.amazon.com/NetBeans-Platform-6-9-Developers-Guide/dp/1849511764/

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CodeIgniter 1.7 Professional Development 2010

Become a CodeIgniter expert with professional tools, techniques and extended libraries

Learn expert CodeIgniter techniques and move beyond the realms of the User Guide
Create mini-applications that teach you a technique and allow you to easily build extras on top of them
Create CodeIgniter Libraries to minimize code bloat and allow for easy transitions across multiple projects
Utilize third-party APIs (Twitter oAuth and Facebook Connect) and make use of some less-known helper functions - CodeIgniter's hidden gems
A step-by-step, practical guide with examples and screenshots

In Detail

CodeIgniter is an open source PHP framework with a small footprint and exceptional performance. It gives you a rich set of libraries for common tasks, with a simple interface to access them. There are several unexplored aspects of CodeIgniter that can help developers build applications more easily and quickly. In this book, you will learn the intricacies of the framework and explore some of its hidden gems.

If you want to get the most out of CodeIgniter, this book is for you. It teaches you what you need to know to use CodeIgniter on a daily basis. You will create mini-applications that teach a specific technique and let you build on top of the base.

This book will take you through developing applications with CodeIgniter. You will learn how to make your CodeIgniter application more secure than a default installation, how to build large-scale applications and web services, how to release code to the community, and much more. You will be able to authenticate users, validate forms, and also build libraries to complete different tasks and functions.

The book starts off introducing the framework and how to install it on your web server or a local machine. You are introduced to the Model-View-Controller design pattern and how it will affect your development. Some important parts of the CodeIgniter Style Guide are included to keep CodeIgniter development as standardized as possible; this helps greatly when working as part of a team or taking on an old CodeIgniter project. You will quickly move on to how CodeIgniter URLs work and learn about CodeIgniter-specific files such as helpers and plugins. By the time you finish this book, you will be able to create a CodeIgniter application of any size with confidence, ease, and speed.

This guide will enable you to become well-versed with CodeIgniter through practical applications using the tools and techniques used by many seasoned CodeIgniter developers.

What you will learn from this book

Learn the Model-View-Controller design pattern to structure your code
Create more readable and maintainable queries using the Active Record implementation
Create and maintain database tables using the Database Forge class
Authenticate users using Twitter oAuth and Facebook Connect
Create your own Authentication Library for more control over your user accounts
Secure your application using CodeIgniter's built-in functionality and some quick tips to help further
Build a RESTful Web Service, opening up your application to third-party developers
Create extended Controllers, grouping functionality into multiple Controllers helping to keep repeated code to a minimum
Learn techniques used by professionals to scale CodeIgniter over multiple servers
Learn top tips for releasing code to the community and giving support to the developers using your code
Approach

This book is a practical guide that takes you through a number of techniques. Each chapter builds upon knowledge from the previous chapter. Step-by-step instructions with examples and illustrative screenshots ensure that you gain a firm grasp of the topic being explained.

Who this book is written for

This book is written for advanced PHP developers with a good working knowledge of Object Oriented Programming techniques who are comfortable with developing applications and wish to use CodeIgniter to make their development easier, quicker, and more fun. Basic knowledge of CodeIgniter will be helpful. This book will suit developers who fall into three categories:

Professional Developers - employees of a software house or organization with in-house software development
Freelance Developers - solo developers working in the industry on their own
Just-for-fun Developers - people working with PHP building web applications is their spare time for fun 

http://www.amazon.com/CodeIgniter-professional-development-Adam-Griffith/dp/1849510903

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